1. Japan Successfully resisted European colonialism. Rapidly modernized during the Meiji Restoration to avoid colonization. 2. Thailand (Siam) Skillfully maintained independence through diplomacy. Served as a buffer state between British and French empires in Southeast Asia. 3. Liberia . Founded by freed African Americans in the 19th century. Although strongly influenced by the U.S., it was not colonized by a European empire. 4. Ethiopia Successfully defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa (1896). Important note: Italy occupied Ethiopia from 1936–1941, so some historians debate whether it should be called “never colonized.” But it is traditionally listed among uncolonized nations due to resisting long-term colonization. 5 . Iran (Persia) Never colonized, though subjected to foreign spheres of influence. 6. Afghanistan Never colonized, though fought multiple...
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